Coffee, these 8 types of people should be cautious.

Globally, coffee has long become a daily beverage transcending cultural boundaries—whether it is the morning takeaway coffee for commuters in New York, the office coffee for white-collar workers in Tokyo, or the casual drink in cafes in Paris. It not only serves as a "boost" for people to combat fatigue and enhance concentration but also acts as an important medium for socializing and relaxation, deeply integrating into the rhythm of modern life.

Numerous international studies have confirmed the health value of coffee: in addition to its well-known effects of refreshing the mind and combating tiredness, long-term moderate consumption can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and may also have a potential preventive effect on certain cancers such as liver cancer and colorectal cancer. A more groundbreaking study jointly conducted by a research team from Soochow University and scholars from multiple countries found that coffee can partially offset the health risks caused by prolonged sitting. Data shows that the all-cause mortality risk of people who sit for ≥6 hours per day and do not drink coffee is 1.58 times that of those who sit for <6 hours per day and drink coffee. Among non-coffee drinkers, the longer the sitting time, the higher the all-cause mortality risk.

However, coffee is not suitable for everyone, and the following 8 groups of people should be extra cautious or even avoid drinking it:

1、People with sleep disorders

Caffeine reaches its absorption peak within 15 minutes to 2 hours and has a half-life of 2.5 to 4.5 hours. Although it has little impact on healthy people if consumed 5 hours before planned sleep, it is likely to disrupt the sleep of insomniacs. Such people are advised to drink less or no coffee.

2、People with arrhythmia

For healthy individuals, a daily caffeine intake of <400 mg (equivalent to no more than 4 cups of pure coffee, 150 ml per cup) is safe. However, patients with malignant arrhythmia and those sensitive to caffeine should avoid it.

3、People with stomach diseases

Caffeine stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, which may worsen symptoms such as acid reflux and heartburn in patients with gastric ulcers or gastroesophageal reflux disease.

4、Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Caffeine accelerates colonic peristalsis, which may trigger diarrhea. Reducing caffeine intake can alleviate related discomfort.

5、People with osteoporosis

While coffee has no adverse effects on the bones of healthy people (1-2 tablespoons of milk can completely offset its slight interference with calcium absorption), those already diagnosed with osteoporosis should limit their coffee consumption.

6、Glaucoma patients

Caffeine may increase intraocular pressure, raising the risk of optic nerve damage. Glaucoma patients are advised to avoid drinking coffee.

7、Children and adolescents

They have a weaker ability to metabolize caffeine, which may also affect their growth and development. The international recommended safe caffeine intake is <2.5-3 mg per kilogram of body weight, and it is recommended that children aged 12 and below should not consume caffeine at all.

8、Pregnant and lactating women

Caffeine can pass through the placenta to affect the fetus or enter breast milk to impact infants. Although some institutions consider a daily caffeine intake of <150-300 mg (about 2 cups of coffee) relatively safe, it is still recommended that women without a coffee-drinking habit avoid it during pregnancy and lactation, while those with a regular habit should strictly limit their intake and consult a doctor.